01

　　阅读

　　1、玛雅文明消失的原因

　　2、一种特殊鱼类，通过水进入口腔进行呼吸，可以游得很快，也可以游得很慢。

　　3、欧洲的启蒙运动

　　4、蒸汽机的发明和改进过程

　　5、一种鸟类在冬天缺少食物的时候的存活方法。

　　6、古埃及金字塔的构造

　　7、植物的根茎作用

　　更多欢迎补充~

　　02

　　听力

　　Conversation

　　1、女生去找教授问她能不能用教授的名字去作为reference帮助她找在暑期帮人看家的工作，因为她之前帮教授看过家，然后借教授的名字去找新的看家工作，然后教授给她推荐了一个新的工作，在anthropology department打工，当教授的assistance。

　　2、自己无法去一个museum参观。

　　3、女生询问租练习室的问题，要用来练习唱歌，还帮她室友问租舞蹈练习室的事。

　　4、女生去问professor关于她在March band里的工作具体内容。

　　Lecture

　　1、Mars 上的carbonate level ，上面有没有水存在过?

　　参考原文：

　　(male professor) The surface of Mars today ismostly very cold, certainly too cold for there to beliquid water present. Yet, scientists have speculatedfor decades that in its early history, about four billionyears ago, Mars was much warmer and wetter than itis today.Observations from Earth and from spacehave detected features in the Martian landscapeindicating that Mars once had liquid water on itssurface, features like interconnected valleys thatappear to have been formed by rivers and alsodepressions, low lying areas filled with dust andsediment that look like ancient lake beds.

　　So, what might account for this warm wet Mars?Well, one hypothesis suggests that Mars’atmosphereonce had very high levels of carbon dioxide. OK, let’take a step back for a minute. We know that carbondioxide is a greenhouse gas and that greenhouse gasescapture solar energy that would otherwise radiateback into space from a planet's surface. So, thesegreenhouse gases trap that energy within the planet'slower atmosphere and keep the surface of the planetwarm. Perhaps warm enough for water to exist therein liquid form like it does on Earth.

　　But some astronomers remained skeptical. You seeanother thing about carbon dioxide is that it is easilyabsorbed into water and eventually the carbon dioxidein the water may combine with other elements in thewater to form minerals called carbonates. Carbonatesthen settle to the bottom of these bodies of water andform deposits there, chalk-like layers that can remainlong after the water itself is gone. So, if thehypothesis is correct, if the atmosphere of Mars wasonce rich in carbon dioxide, there should be nowhuge deposits of carbonate on the planet. But nobodywas able to detect that much carbonate there using thestandard method for studying the chemicalcomposition of a planet spectroscopy.

　　So, if we are not seeing lots of carbonate, would webe right to reject this hypothesis? Or could there beother explanations? Well, maybe it's just much lesssimple than we thought. For example, we've detecteda lot of sulfates on Mars. This means the planet'satmosphere once contained a great deal of sulfur invarious forms.And we know that atmospheric sulfurand carbon dioxide interact in all sorts of complexways. So that may help explain why we've detectedso much less carbonate than anticipated.

　　And there's another issue. Spectroscopic analysis ofreflected light only detects materials on the planet'ssurface. But what if the carbonates are mixed togetherwith dust and other sediments to form much lessconcentrated deposits? Or covered over and buriedjust under the surface. Spectroscopic analysiswouldn't detect those carbonates. So, we need togather evidence in other ways like from spacecraftthat have actually landed on Mars. And, in fact,instruments on a spacecraft that landed near MarsNorth Pole confirmed that carbonates are present justbeneath the surface there, which seems to support theidea of early carbonate formation on Mars.

　　The problem here, though, is that the instrumentscouldn't measure the amount of carbonate present inthe rocks.However, a recent analysis of data fromone of the Mars rovers did result in an accuratemeasurement of the amount of carbonate in somerocks jutting up from the surface of Mars in an areacalled the Columbia Hills. The rover determined thatthe rocks average around twenty five percentcarbonate.If such a high carbonate content were toprove common elsewhere on Mars that?ll be strongsupport for high levels ofatmospheric carbon dioxidein Mars’distant past. If not, if that rock was just anisolated occurrence,well, the search and the debatecontinue.

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　　2、蜜蜂在找到新巢穴和找到食物时，用waggle dance和同伴沟通。

　　3、现代人们对古希腊艺术品的误解。

　　03

　　口语

　　独立口语

　　Task 1：

　　Some people think that the government should take responsibility and invest on projects to protect endangered species, while others believe that individuals should carry this responsibility. What do you think?(重复2022年7月23日原题)

　　综合口语

　　Task 2：

　　阅读：建议学校给每个宿舍都提供冰箱

　　听力：不同意

　　1、宿舍楼里有一个公用冰箱了，距离并不远，学生很容易拿到东西

　　2、即使冰箱很小，但是宿舍里面一般都堆满了必要的东西，没有空余的地方放

　　Task 3：

　　如果一个工作难度比较高，可能就很难完成;相反工作比较简单完成的可能性就比较大。

　　听力举例：

　　老师给幼儿园的小朋友提供了几十种蜡笔，课后让小朋友把蜡笔都收拾好放回box里。结果很多孩子都没有完成，因为盒子比较小，小朋友手眼协调能力比较弱，很难做到把蜡笔一个个放回小盒子里。后来老师换了一个大桶，孩子们就比较好收拾和整理了。

　　Task 4：

　　阅读：bio adaptation，动物(鱼)避免被河流冲走的两种方式：1、吸附在河底的石头;

　　2、依靠特殊的身体结构下沉到底部

　　04

　　写作

　　独立写作

　　Which of following groups most deserves and needs financial support from the government ?

　　1、old people who cannot work (older than 70years old )

　　2、young families with small children

　　3、workers who lost their jobs

　　(重复2021.3.14原题)

　　综合写作

　　有一种鲸鱼的数量一直在减少，科学家们在寻找他们数量减少的原因。

　　1、鲸鱼生活区域的海洋有非常多的工业肥料，可能会积蓄在鲸鱼的体内，限制鲸鱼的繁殖能力。

　　2、鲸鱼靠回声进行定位。但是这个鲸鱼所生活的区域有非常多的轮船，船只引擎的声音影响了他们的定位能力。

　　3、鲸鱼呼出的气体样本，体内含有某些细菌。

　　听力反驳：

　　1、另一种鲸鱼并不生活在这一片地区，而且体内有更高的这种化学的物质，繁殖就没有问题。

　　2、船只所发出的噪音大概和暴风雨所发出的噪音的声音差不多。而这些鲸鱼经常会经历暴风雨，并不会对于他们产生影响。

　　3、动物体内有少量的细菌是很正常的，不一定会生病。如果真要确定生病的话，需要看鲸鱼体内的器官有没有受损。

　　以上就是今天的托福线下考试回忆。