1、现在分词作定语
现在分词做定语时,通常会出现分词前置与分词后置两种情况
分词前置
当分词做定语放在名词之前时,往往表示事物正在发生的状态。
例句:
He rushed into the burning house.
The most common error made in hanging pictures is to hang them too high.
分词后置
当分词或分词短语位于所被修饰的词语之后,往往可用定语从句进行替代。
例句:
Who’s the girl dancing with him?
上句可改写为who’s the girl who is dancing with him? 在这里还存在一种特殊情况,那便是含有情态动词的定语从句不能使用-ing形式进行替换。例如,will you find us a man who can weave a mat? 这句话如果改为:Will you find us a man weaving a mat? 那便是大错特错了。
现在分词作定语时的一个特点就是其表示的动作的发生时间要与谓语动词的时态相互一致,在GMAT语法题中,很多人往往会忽视这一点,譬如,在“In 1929 relatively small declines in the market ruined many speculators having bought on margin; they had to sell, and their selling pushed other investors to the brink.”本句的斜体部分“speculators having bought on margin 为现在分词的完成形式,在本句中用于修饰speculators,显然这种用法违背了现在分词作修饰词时该分词所表示的动作应与主句谓语动作保持一致性的要求,因而此处不应使用分词结构进行修饰,而应改换为“speculators who had bought on margins”,在这里需要提醒大家的,现在分词的完成形式不能作为定语修饰成分。
2、过去分词作定语
当过去分词作定语时,在语态上通常表示“被动含义”,过去分词做定语表示一个动作已经发生并且完成,这与现在分词做定语时截然相反。譬如:the changed world与a changing world. 过去分词作定语与其修饰的词语之间的关系为被动关系,这时可以将其视为一个表被动的定语从句。
例句:
Local people invited to attend a meeting are very pleased to share their experiences of hospital services.
当过去分词作定语时,被修饰的词是该分词所表示行为的承受者。
例句:
A majority of the international journalists surveyed view nuclear power stations as unsafe at present but that they will,or could,be made sufficiently safe in the future.
本句中,survey[调查]这一动作的承受者是international journalists, 很多人往往在没有理清本句的意群结构时候,就会断然决定survey是作为international journalists的谓语动词,殊不知后面还有一个view.
过去分词做修饰成分,尤其作定语时,我们可以将修饰语与被修饰语之间的关系视为行为与客体之间的施动与被施动关系。
例句:
Then the data acquired at each of the specific source locations are combined to generate a physical profile of the subsurface, which can eventually be used to select targets for drilling.
本句中acquired是动作,而data是客体。
不论是现在分词还是过去分词,通常情况下单个分词的位置是在被修饰名词或名词短语之前,若分词以短语的结构出现,那么短语经常会被安排在被修饰的内容后面。而现在分词与过去分词与所修饰的词之间所表示的意义也应不同。
例句:
More and more developing countries established strategic partnership with developed countries.
本句中develop以现在分词与过去分词两种形式出现,developing 与countries 为主谓关系,而developed 与countries为动宾关系。