SAT语法之代词的用法总结
2013-08-09 15:17 供稿单位: 新航道
出国英语考试有哪些 雅思6.5是什么水平 雅思阅读评分标准 托福阅读评分标准 雅思和托福的区别
代词的记忆技巧:
1.巧记物主代词： 物主代词分两家，形、名词性各一霸;his,its无变化，my,mine记牢它;其余变形规律化，形容词(性)后加尾巴(-s)。
2.巧记：this，these靠近我，that，those离我远；this，that指单数，these，those不指单；都可用the来代替，劝君务必记心里
3.巧记：all，both，each的位置
“两前”：行为动词前；半系动词前。“三后”：连系动词be之后；情态动词后；助动词后。
4.巧记复合代词分合：分合皆能单独用，后加of合不成。
巧学不定代词：不定代词美名扬，修饰成分后边藏；单数动词作谓语，何时何地都一样。
代词分为九类：人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、相互代词、指示代词\疑问代词、连接代词、不定代词、关系代词。大多数代词具有名词和形容词的作用。
1、人称代词
（1）人称代词作主语用主格，作宾语、表语用宾格，但应注意以下4中情况：
①作主语的人称代词如果孤立地使用于无谓语动词的句子中，或在这种句子中与动词不定式连用，常用宾格。
—Does any of you know where Tom lives?
—Me.
What! Me (to)play him at chess? No!
②句子中代词作宾语或宾语补足语时，与所替代的名词在人称、数、格在意义上一般要保持前后一致。
The thief was thought to be he. (the thief是主格，故用he代替)
They took me to be her.他们误以为我是她。（me是宾格，故用her替代）
③作表语人称代词一般用宾格，但在强调句型中，被强调部分代词的格不变。
I met her in the hospital.→It was her who I met in the hospital.
④在比较级的句子中than、as后用主格、宾格都可以。如：He is taller than me(I).但在下列句子中有区别。
I like Jack as much as her.=I like both Jack and her.
I like Jack as much as she.=I like Jack and she likes him, too.
( 2 ) 两个以上的人称代词并列，其次序排列原则：
①在并列主语中，“I”总是放在，排列顺序为：二三一（人称）。宾格me也一样。
You ,she and I will be in charge of the case.
Mr. Zhang asked Li Hua and me to help him.
②第三人称，男女两性并用，男先女后。
He and she still don’t agree to the plan.
( 3 ) 几个人称代词的特殊用法。
we / you(口语)常用来泛指一般人。
②she可以代表国家、船只、大地、月亮等。
The “Titanic” was the largest, wasn’t she?
2.物主代词
（1）名词和形容词性物主代词各自的语法功能。
（2）one’s own…=...of one’s own句式的转换。
（3）某些固定结构中常用定冠词代替物主代词。
如： take sb. by the arm, be wounded in the leg.
3. 反身代词
（1）反身代词的语法功能：宾语、表语、主语或宾语的同位语。
（2）反身代词和某些动词连有，构成固定短语。
enjoy oneself, feel oneself,
make oneself at home, make oneself understood
（3）反身代词还可用于某些成语中。
for oneself为自己或独立地，of oneself自然地，自动地
by oneself独自地，in oneself本身性质，beside oneself喜怒哀愁至极
This problem gets a chapter to itself.这个问题占了一章（独有）。
Just between ourselves, I don’t think much of him.私下地说我并不怎么看重他。
They were discussing about it among themselves.（相互共同）
Left to himself he began to write.别人走后只留下他，他写了起来。
I’m very angry with myself.生自己的气。
4.相互代词（each other, one another）
相互代词无人称、数和格的区别，在句中作宾语。其所有格分别为each other’s 、one another’s ,作定语。
一般来说，each other指两者之间，one another指三者或三者以上之间，但现在区分已不明显。
5.指示代词（this, that , these, those, such, same，it ）
指示代词具有形容词和代词两种词性，在句子中可以作定语、主语、宾语或表语等。
（1）指示代词this和that的区别。
①this (these)一般指时间或空间上较近的人或物；that(those)常指时间或空间较远的人或物。
This is my desk and that is yours.
In those days they could not go to school.
②this常指后面要讲到的事物，有启下的作用；that则指前面讲到过的事物，有承上的作用。
I want to tell you this: the English party will be held on Saturday afternoon.
He hurt his leg yesterday. That’s why he didn’t come.
③this在电话用语中作自我介绍，that询问对方；this和that可以当副词用，意思相当于副词so。
I am not that foolish. I can’t jump this high.
（2）such和same的用法。
①such指“这样的”人或事，在句中作主语和定语。
Such was the story.We have never seen such a tall building.
注意：such adj. 这样的，那么的
Such is the power of TV that it can make a person suddenly famous. (2009 辽宁)
Such was her bravery that they were all frightened.
His excitement was such that he shouted.
②same指“同样的”人或事，在句中作主语、表语、宾语和定语，same的前面要用定冠词the.
The same can be said of the other article.
另一篇文章也是同样的情况。（主语）
Whether he can do it or not, it is all the same to me.
他是否能做这事，对我来说都一样。（表语）
(3) it 考点：
it 指时间 If I can help it,… it 做形式成分 it 强调句
识别下列例句：
It was evening when we arrived home. (it 指时间)
If I can help it, I don’t like working late into the night.
She made it her duty to look after all the other people’s affairs in that town.
I’d appreciate it if you teach me how to use the computer.
I like it here in the autumn when the weather is clear and bright.
It is our belief that hard work leads
It felt funny watching myself on TV. 看着自己上电视很滑稽。
--- Where did you last meet him?
--- It was in the hotel where he stayed. （强调句）
Was it in the air battle which was led by Captain Smith that Tom lost his life? （强调句）
Well, maybe it is not how much you read but what you read that counts.（强调句）
6、疑问代词（who, whom, which, what, whose）
疑问代词在句中作主语、宾语、定语和表语。
（1）who/what
①询问姓名或关系。
询问职业或地位。
②What/who 作主语时，谓语动词的数取决于说话人的视点，可单数也可复数。
What is /are on the table? Who is/are in the library?
(2)which与who、what
which表示在一定范围内，而who、what则无此限制。
I found two books on the desk. Which is yours?
7.连接代词和关系代词
连接代词与疑问代词的形式相同，主要有who、whom、whose、what、which以及它们与ever合成的代词whoever、whomever、whatever、whichever等。它们用来引导主语从句，宾语从句和表语从句，即连接复合句中的主句和从句，并在从句中担任一定的句子成分，以连接代词引起的名词性从句前不能再加that.
关系代词是用来引导定语从句的代词，它们包括who、whom、whose、which、that等。这两类代词的用法详见“名词性从句”和“定语从句”部分。
8、不定代词
不定代词主要有：all、each、every、both、either、neither、one、none、little、few、many、much、other、another、some、any、no等。还有由some、any、no和every构成合成代词，不定代词具有名词和形容词的性质，并有可数和不可数之分，在句中可以作主语、表语、宾语、同位语、定语、状语等（every、no只能作定语）。下面介绍几组主要不定代词的用法与区别。
（1）some与any
一般用法：some、any 可与单、复数可数名词及不可数名词连有。some一般用于肯定句，any多用于疑问、否定或条件句。
He has some Chinese paintings.(定语)
Some like sports, others like music.(主语)
Do you have any questions to ask?(定语)
Ask me if you have any questions.(定语)
If you every have any questions, put up your hands.
If there is any trouble, please let me know.
特殊用法：
①any用于肯定句表示“任何”的意思。
Any child can do that.（定语）
You may take any of them.（宾语）
②some用于单数可数名词前表示“某一”。
Smith went to some place in England.（定语）
③在期待对方回答yes 时，some用在表示建议或请求的问句中。
Would you like some bananas?（建议）
Mum, could you give me some money? (请求)
④some 用于否定句表示部分否定。
I don’t know some of the students.（宾语）
some和any在句中还可作状语，作副词。some意为“大约”相当于“about”,而any则表示程度，意为“稍，丝毫”。如：
There are some 300 workers on strike.
Do you feel any better today?
(2) one, both, all
①one作定语、表语、主语或宾语，可以指人或物，表示“一个”的意思，其复数为ones,指人时，其所有格是one’s，反身代词是oneself.
One should try one’s best to serve the people.(主语、定语)
This is not the one I want.(表语)
one、ones可以代替上文提到过的名词，以免重复，one、ones前面分别可以用this、that、these、those或the、which等词修饰。如：
These books are more interesting than those ones.
Here are three pens. Which one is yours, this one or that one or the one in the pencil-box?
②both用作定语、宾语、主语和同位语，可以指人或指物，表示“两者都”的意思。
This maths problem can be worked out in both ways.(定语)
Both of the boys are here.(主语)
We both are students.(同位语)
注意：both用于否定句（not both / both not），表示部分否定；表示完全否定时，用neither。如：
Both of us are not teachers.我们俩并不都是教师。
Neither of us is a teacher. 我们俩都不是教师。
both不能放在the、these、those、my等之后，而应放在它们的前面。如：
Both my parents like this film.
Both the / these boys are tall.
③all用作主语、表语、宾语、定语、同位语，指“全部的”、“整个的”，可与可数或不可数名词连用，除少数情况外，一般不与单数可数名词连用，与复数名词连用时，表示“所有的”、“全部的”，指三个或三个以上的人或物。
He gave me all the money.他把全部的钱给了我。
All the schools are flooded.所有的学校都被淹了。
I told him all about it. 我把一切都告诉了他。
That’s all for today.今天就在这儿。
They have all been to Xi’an.他们都去过西安。
All are here. (看作可数)
All is going well. (看作不可数)
注意：all 用于否定句(not all / all not; not every / every not )，表示部分否定，完全否定用none。如：
Not all the ants go out for food.(or: All the ants don’t go out for food.)并不是所有的蚂蚁都出去寻找食物。
None of the money is mine.这钱一分也不是我的。
（3）many和much
many和much都表示“许多”，但many修饰或代替复数可数名词，much修饰或代替不可数名词。它们在句中可作主语、宾语、定语。
（4）few, little; a few, a little
few和little表示没有多少，含否定意义；而a few 和a little表示有一些，有几个，含肯定意义。另外，few、a few 修饰可数名词；little、a little修饰不可数名词。它们在句中常用作定语、主语和宾语。
注意：not a little---非常；not a bit ---not at all 一点也不。
--- Are you tired?
---Not a little. I can’t go any further. (你累吗？ 很累，一点也不能再往前走了。)
I am not a bit tired. I have just worked for a few minutes. （我一点也不累，我刚刚工作了几分钟。）
（5）nothing 和none
nothing 什么东西也没有；none（已提到过的名词）一个也没有，一点也没有。
I am very hungry, but there is nothing in the fridge. (我很饿，但冰箱里什么东西也没有。)
I’d like an orange, but there is none left in the fridge. (我想吃一个橘子，但冰箱里一个也没剩。)
None of the money is yours. 钱没有你的。
（6）no one 和none
no one = nobody 没有人, 后不跟of 短语, 回答who引起的问句； none 一个也没有，一点也没有，后可跟of 短语，回答how many / how much引起的问句。
--- Who is in the classroom?
--- No one.
---How many students can answer this question?
---None.
--- How much of the money is yours?
--- None.
--- I’d like some more cheese.
--- Sorry, there’s none left.
（7）each和every
each（各个），指两个或两个以上的人或物，侧重个体，在句中作主语、宾语、定语和同位语。every（每个），指三个或三个以上的人或物，侧重整体，在句中只能作定语。
Every student it our class has a dictionary.(定语，强调班上“所有的人”)
Each student in our class has a dictionary.（定语，强调各个个体）
Each of them has been there.（主语）
The teacher gave each of the students a new textbook.（宾语）
We each got a ticket.（同位语）
（8）either和neither
either是“两者中任何一个”的意思，可修饰或代替单数可数名词，neither是“两者中没有一个”的意思，可以修饰或代替单数可数名词，它们可在句在作主语、宾语或定语。neither=not either。如：
Here are two pens. You may take either of them.(宾语)
Neither boy knows French.(定语)
--- Which of the two computer games did you prefer?
--- Actually I didn’t like either.
注意：①either也作副词，其意为“也”，用于否定句的句末。He doesn’t like tea, and I don’t either.（状语）
②either...or构成连词，意为“不是……就是……”或“要么……要么……”。He is either Japanese or Chinese.
③neither用作副词，意为“也不”。He can’t do it, neither can I.
④neither...nor构成连词，意为“既不……也不”。Neither he nor you are to blame.
（9）other
one… the other 一个…另一个 (仅有两个东西)
I have two dogs. One is called Tom, the other is called Peter.
some… the others 一些…另一些 (有明确范围)
In our class, some like playing, the others like studying.
some… others 一些…另一些 (无范围)
Some people are kind, others are cruel.
( 10 ) another 再一，又一 (有众多相同的东西) ； 不同的
I don’t like this pencil. Can you show me another one?
This jacket is a little too big for me. Can you show me another one?
He is a fool and his wife is another.
I’ll stay here for another two days.
Talking is one thing; doing is another.
(11) anything but 是任何东西, 就不是 (but 除了…)
The film is anything but interesting. 这个电影没意思 (这个电影什么都是, 就是不好看)。
9. 为了避免重复，常用 one / ones / that/ those 代替前面已提过的名词。
Each of my classmates has a computer. I’d like one too. (one = a computer)
I’d prefer a house in the country to one in the city.(one=a house)
---What apples do you want?
---Some red ones.(ones=apples)
(说明：one/ ones 表泛指，one指代可数名词单数，ones指代可数名词复数。)
The computer in our classroom is better than that in your classroom. (that = the computer = the one)
The weather of Beijing is colder than that of Nanjing. (that = the weather)
The ears of a rabbit are longer than those of a fox.(those = the ears)
(说明：that/ those 表特指，that 指代可数名词单数或不可数名词，those指代可数名词复数)
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